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From Middle DutchLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}.
, from Old DutchLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}.
. The infinitive
along with the words
and
(present indicative and subjunctive) derive ultimately from Proto-Indo-EuropeanLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}. *h₁es- (“to be”), which had no separate infinitive in Germanic. The modern infinitive was probably back-formed in late Old Dutch from the first-person plural subjunctive
, since this form had become identical to the infinitive in other verbs during the late Old Dutch period. Compare also German
, Low German
. The original infinitive survives in
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, from Old DutchLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}.
, from Proto-GermanicLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}. *wesaną, from *h₂wes- (“to reside”). All the forms with initial w- (imperative and past tense) derive from this root. Finally, the forms
and
derive from Proto-GermanicLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}. *beuną (“to be, to become”), from *bʰuH- (“to become”), which survives only as relic forms in the West Germanic languages and not at all in the others. Its infinitive and non-singular forms are only attested in (Old) English.
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| Inflection of zijn (irregular, suppletive) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | zijn | |||
| past singular | was | |||
| past participle | geweest | |||
| infinitive | zijn | |||
| gerund | zijn n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | ben | was | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | bent | was | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | bent, is | was | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | zijt | waart | ||
| 3rd person singular | is | was | ||
| plural | zijn | waren | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | zij | ware | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | zijn | waren | ||
| imperative sing. | wees, ben | |||
| imperative plur.1 | weest, zijt | |||
| participles | zijnd | geweest | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
From Old DutchLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}.
(originally a reflexive form), from Proto-GermanicLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}. *sīnaz, from Proto-Indo-EuropeanLua error in Module:debug at line 174: This template is deprecated. Please use {{der}}, {{inh}}, {{bor}}, {{cog}} or {{noncog}}. *seyno-. Cognate with German
, Swedish
. Ultimately a form of the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronoun *swe, related to Russian
, Latin
, Ancient Greek
etc.
zijn (dependent possessive, independent possessive zijne, contracted form z'n)
| subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
| 1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
| 2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| 3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
| 3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
| plural | |||||||||
| 1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
| 2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
| 2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
| 2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
| 3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
| 1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. | ||||||||