je
je
je
The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.
je
|lang=
parameter) Alternative form of iNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Inversion | Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | me, m’ | moi | — | — | ||
Second | — | tu, t' | -tu | te, t’ | toi | — | — | |||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | le, l’ | lu | lu | y | en | |
Feminine | ale | la, l’ | lei | |||||||
Neuter | çai | -ce | çai | çai, çan | — | — | ||||
— | an | -an | — | — | soi | — | — | |||
Plural | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | nos | — | — | |||
Second | — | vos | -vos | vos | — | — | ||||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | les | lor | lor | y | en | |
Feminine | ales |
|lang=
parameter) audio | (file) |
From Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.[cs 1]
je (personal pronoun, accusative case)
|lang=
parameter) the third-person plural accusative case of on|lang=
parameter) the third-person plural accusative case of ona|lang=
parameter) the third-person plural accusative case of onoFormerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.[cs 1]
je
|lang=
parameter) Audio | (file) |
je
|lang=
parameter) Second-person singular, subjective, unstressed form of jij|lang=
parameter) Second-person singular, objective, unstressed form of jou|lang=
parameter) Second-person plural, subjective, unstressed form of jullie|lang=
parameter) Second-person plural, objective, unstressed form of julliesubject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
je (second person, possessive)
|lang=
parameter) Second-person singular, unstressed form of jouw|lang=
parameter) Second-person plural, unstressed form of julliesubject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
je (second person, reflexive)
|lang=
parameter) Second-person singular of je|lang=
parameter) Second-person plural of jesubject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
|lang=
parameter) Audio | (file) |
je
The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.
It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:
Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:
Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:
From Old French jo, from Vulgar Latin *eo, from Latin ego, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Near cognates include Spanish yo and Italian io. Further cognates include Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Russian я (ya), English I, German ich, etc.
See cognates in regional languages in France : Angevin je, Bourbonnais-Berrichon je, Bourguignon je or i, Champenois ju, Franc-Comtois i, Gallo je, Lorrain je, Norman je, Orléanais je, Picard ej, Poitevin-Saintongeais jhe, Tourangeau je, Franco-Provençal je and jo, Occitan ieu (Gasconian jo), Catalan jo, Corsican eo.
|lang=
parameter) audio | (file) |
|lang=
parameter) Rhymes: -əje (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi)
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | — | — | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | — | — | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | y | en | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | — | — | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | — | — | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | y | en | eux3 | |
Feminine | elles | elles |
|lang=
parameter) Rhymes: -eːje
|lang=
parameter) |lang=
parameter) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to zye?”)je
|lang=
parameter) Rhymes: -ɛːShortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).
je
je
je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)
je (plural je-i)
je
je
|lang=
parameter) Alternative form of iejê
|lang=
parameter) Alternative form of gîje (accusative meg)
form removed with the spelling reform of 1938; superseded by eg
Number | Person | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive / Genetive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
feminine | masculine | neuter | plural | ||||
Singular | First | eg, je1 | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
Second | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine | |
Third (reflexive) | — | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine | |
Third (masculine) | han | han, honom1 | hans | ||||
Third (feminine) | ho | ho, henne | hennar, hennes1 | ||||
Third (neuter) | det | dess2 | |||||
Plural | First | me, vi | oss | vår | vårt | våre | |
Second | de, dokker | dykk, dokker | dykkar, dokkar | ||||
Third | dei | dei, deim1 | deira, deires1 |
From Vulgar Latin *eo, from Latin ego.
je
|lang=
parameter) je
je
Shortened from jȅst (“is”).
je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)
je (Cyrillic spelling је)
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
je
|lang=
parameter) Third-person singular of jesťje
je
Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).
-je
je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)
je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)
From Old Norse ér, from a variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
je c pl (accusative je, dative jerom, possessive masculine jeern, feminine jera, neuter jere)
number | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | jig, jeg, jög | du, döu | hɑnn, hånn | hu, ho, hon | he | |
accusative | meg | deg | seg | hana, na, a, hänner | he, ne, e | |
dative | meg (se) | deg (se) | seg (se) | hönöm, hano, håno | hannar, hänner, hennar, henar, nar | dy, dyij, di |
genitive | min, myin | din, dyin | sin, syin | hɑnʃ, hansches, hånsch | hannars, hännars, hennars, henars | diss |
case | plural | plural masculine | plural feminine | plural neuter | ||
nominative | ve | ge, je, ji | de, di, dȯm, dem, döm | |||
accusative | ass, åss | ge, je, ji | seg | |||
dative | ass, åss | gerom, irom | seg (se) | dȯm, dem, döm, do | ||
genitive | vor, wȯhn, våor, vånn, voden | jera, jänn, jern, iden, jedar, idar | sin, syin | dern, dera, däris, daires | dera, däris, daires | derä |